Land, property and wealth owners, as a comparison of public policy and government history, the economic history of 'intergenerational immigrant / migrant populations'
Abstract
Abstract. This study presents one of the first national studies that combines the migration and race of the economic experiences of free blacks, with an extended analysis of antebellum wealth inequality. In doing so, I analyze economic asymmetry among early blacks and whites in the United States of America. For the data analysis, I used information from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample (IPUMS). I present results of informative property ownership and wealth ratios. This study finds that economic differences among ethnic groups, as measured by differences between early blacks and whites, are intertwined with asymmetrical freedoms.
Keywords. Economic geograpy, Economic history, Urban economics.
JEL. B10, B15, B20.
Keywords
References
Attack, J., & Bateman, F. (1981). Egalitarianism, inequality, and age: The rural north in 1860, Journal of Economic History, 41(1), 85-93. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700042807
Becker, G.S. (1957). The Economics of Discrimination, Chicago: Chicago.
Berlin, I. (1974). Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South, New York: Pantheon.
Birkes, D., & Dodge, Y. (1993). Alternative Methods of Regression, New York: John Wiley.
Bodenhorn, H. (1999). The economic consequences of color among free negroes in rural antebellum south, Working Paper, Lafayette College.
Bodenhorn, H. (1999). The mulatto advantage: The biological consequences of complexion in rural antebellum Virginia, Working Paper, Lafayette College, June. doi. 10.1162/00221950260029002
Buchinsky, M. (1998). Recent advances in quantile regression models: A practical guide for empirical research, Journal of Human Resources, 33(1), 88-126. doi. 10.2307/146316
Coelho, P.R., & Shepherd, C.F. (1974). Differences in regional prices: The United States, 1851-1880, Journal of Economic History, 34(3), 551-591. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700079808
Conley, D. (1999). Being Black, Living in the Red: Race Wealth, and Social Policy in America, Berkeley: University of California.
Conley, D. (1999). Being Black, Living in the Red: Race Wealth, and Social Policy in America, Berkeley: University of California.
Conley, T., & Galenson, D. (1999). Quantile regression analysis of censored wealth data, Historical Methods, 27(4), 149-165. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1994.10594230
Conley, T.G., Galenson, G. (1998). Economic opportunity in urban America: Region, nativity and wealth in the mid-nineteenth century, The Journal of Economic History, 58(2), 468-793. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700020581
Cramer, C., & Black, E. (1997). Demographic Data, 1790-1860: A Sourcebook, Westport: Greenwood.
Curry, L. (1981). The Free Black in Urban America, 1800-1850: The Shadow of the Dream, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Curtis, Jr, J.E. (2017). Economics, a student textbook and Professor Manual for university instruction of microeconomics courses, 3rd Edition, Working Paper, [Retrieved from].
Curtis, Jr, J.E. (2012). Freedom laws and economics of ethnicity, SSRNWorking Paper, No.1701423 [Retrieved from].
Curtis, Jr, J.E. (2002). Long-run differences in wealth: A microdata analysis of US White-Black differences in wealth directly after mass emancipation of Southern Slaves, Working Paper, No.1701373. [Retrieved from].
Curtis, Jr, J.E. (2013). The enduring faith center, a chronological memior of a church formed by James Edward Curtis Jr, Working Paper, [Retrieved from].
Curtis, Jr, J.E. (2011). Wealth and faith, what is your real reason? Is it Jesus?, SSRN Working Paper, No.1793848 [Retrieved from].
Curtis, Jr, J.E. (2011). Wealth discrimination theory, SSRN Working Paper, No.1751670. [Retrieved from].
DeCanio, S.J. (1979). Accumulation and discrimination in the post-bellum south, Exploration in Economic History, 16(2), 182-206. doi. 10.1016/0014-4983(79)90014-7
DuBois, W.E.B. (1899). The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study, New York: Schocken.
Easterlin, R.A. (1961). Regional income trends, 1840-1950, American Economic History, (pp.525-547), New York: McGraw-Hill.
Easterlin, R.A. (1968). Population, labor force, and long swings in economic growth: The American Experience, New York: NBER.
Eblen, J.E. (1972). Growth of the black population in ante bellum America, 1820-1860, Population Studies, 26(2), 273-289. doi. 10.1080/00324728.1972.10405550
Eggert, G. (1991). Two-steps forward, a step and a half back: Harrisburg's African American community in the nineteenth century, Pennsylvania History, 58(1), 1-36.
Ferrie, J.P. (1994). The wealth accumulation of antebellum European immigrants to the U.S., 1840-60, Journal of Economic History, 54(1), 1-33. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700013978
Ferrie, J.P. (1996). A new sample of males linked from the public use microdata sample of the 1850 U.S. federal census of population to the U.S. federal census manuscript schedules, Historical Methods, 29(4), 141- 156. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1996.10112735
Ferrie, J.P. (1999). Yankeys Now: Immigrants in the Antebellum United States, 1840-1860, New York: Oxford.
Franklin, J.H. (1943). The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860, New York: Russell.
Galenson, D.W. (1991). Economic opportunity on the urban frontier: Nativity, work and wealth in early Chicago, Journal of Economic History, 51(), 581-603. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700039577
Galenson, D.W. & Clayne L.P. (1989). Economic and geographic mobility on the farming frontier: Evidence from appanoose county, Iowa, 1850-1870, Journal of Economic History, 49(3), 635-655. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700008792
Greaves, I.C. (1930). The Negro in Canada, Montreal: Packet-Times Press.
Greene, L.J. & Carter G.W. (1930). The Negro Wage Earner, Washington: Association for the Study.
Greene, W. (1997). Econometric Analysis, New Jersey: Princeton Hall.
Hamburg, M. (1989). Statistical Analysis for Decision Making, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanvich.
Herscovici, S. (1995). Migration and economic mobility: Wealth accumulation and occupational change among antebellum migrants and non-migrants, The Journal of Economic History, 58(4), 927-956. doi. 10.1017/S0022050700021677
Higgs, R. (1982). Accumulation of property by Southern Blacks before World War I, American Economic Review, 72(4), 725-737.
Hornsby, A. (1989). The accumulation of wealth by black Georgians, 1890-1915, Journal of Negro History, 74(1), 11-30. doi. 10.1086/JNHv74n1-4p11
Hurst, E. (1998). The wealth dynamics of American families, 1884-94, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 267-337.
Jackson, L.P. (1939). The Virginia free negro farmer and property owner, Journal of Negro History, 24(4), 390-439. doi. 10.2307/2714362
Juhn, C. (1991). Accounting for the slowdown in black-white wage convergence, in H.M. Kosters (ed.), Workers and Their Wages, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
Koenker, R., & Basset, G.Jr. (1978). Regression quantities, Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50. doi. 10.2307/1913643
Landon, F. (1920). The negro migration to Canada after passing the fugitive slave act, Journal of Negro History, 5(1), 22-36. doi. 10.2307/2713499
Litwick, L.F. (1958). The federal government and the free negro, 1790-1860, Journal of Negro History, 43(4), 261-278. doi. 10.2307/2716144
Magnuson, D.L. (1940). The making of a modern census: The United States census of population, 1790-1940, University of Minnesota (Doctoral Dissertation).
Magnuson, D.L. (1995). Who and what determined the content of the U.S. population schedule over time, Historical Methods, 28(1), 11-26. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1995.9955309
Magnuson, D.L. & King, M.L. (1995). Comparability of the public use of microdata samples: Enumeration procedures, Historical Methods, 28(1), 27-32. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1995.9955310
Margo, R.R. (1990). Schooling in the South: 1880-1915, An Economic History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McKee, J.W. (1934). The conflict between state laws prohibiting the entrance of free negroes and the privleges and immunities clause of the federal constitution in the period, 1789-1860, The Ohio State University, Doctoral Dissertation.
McPherson, J.H.T. (1891). History of Liberia, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Mechlinger, L.R. (1916). The attitude of the free negro toward colonization, Journal of Negro History, 1(3), 276-301. doi. 10.2307/3035624
Miller, K. (1922). Enumeration errors in the negro population, Scientific Monthly, 14, 168-177.
Mincer, J. (1958). Investments in human capital and personal income distribution, Journal of Political Economy, 66, 281-302. doi. 10.1086/258055
Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, and Earnings, in NBER Book Chapter, Schooling Experience and Earnings, (pp.41-63).
Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York: Columbia University.
Pennsylvania Abolition Society, (1838). The Present State and Condition of the People of Color of the City of Philadelphia and Adjoining Districts, Philadelphia.
Pope, C.L. (1989). Households on the American frontier: The distribution of income and wealth in Utah, 1850-1900, D.W. Galerson (Ed), Markets in History: Economic Studies of the Past, Cambridge: Cambridge.
Provine, D. (1973). The economic position of the free clacks in the district of Columbia, 1800-1860, Journal of Negro History, 58(1), 61-72. doi. 10.2307/2717156
Ruggles, S., & Sobek, M. (1997). Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 2.0, Minneapolis: Historical Census Projects, University of Minnesota.
Ruggles, S., & Menard, R.R. (1995). The Minnesota historical census projects, Historical Methods, 28(1), 6-10. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1995.9955308
Ruggles, S., Hacker, J.D., & Sobek, M. (1995). General design of the integrated public use microdata series, Historical Methods, 28(1), 31-39. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1995.9955311
Schaefer, D.F. (1987). A model of migration and wealth accumulation: Farmers at the antebellum southern frontier, Explorations in Economic History, 24(3), 130-157. doi. 10.1016/0014-4983(87)90009-X
Shorrocks, A.F. (1978). The measurement of mobility, Econometrica, 46(5), 1013-1024. doi. 10.2307/1911433
Snyder, D.C. (1989). A database with income and assets of new retirees by race and hispanic origin, Review of Black Political Economy, 71(4), 5-25.
Society of Friends, (1849). Statistical Inquiry into the Condition of the Free People of the City and Districts of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
Soltow, L. (1972). A century of personal wealth accumulation, in H.G. Vatter & T. Palm (ed), The Economics of Black America, (pp.80-84), New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Soltow, L. (1975). Men & Wealth in the United States. New Haven: Yale.
Spriggs, W.E. (1984). Afro-American Wealth Accumulation, Virginia, 1900-1914, University of Wisconsin at Madison (Ph.D. Dissertation), 1984.
Steckel, R.H. (1990). Poverty and prosperity: A longitudinal study of wealth accumulation, 1850-1860, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(2), 275-285. doi. 10.2307/2109717
Steckel, R.H. (1991). The quality of census data for historical inquiry: A research agenda, Social Science History, 15(4), 579-599. doi. 10.1017/S0145553200021313
Steckel, R. (2000). The African American population of the United States, 1790-1920, in A Population History of North America.
Steckel, R.H. (1988). Census matching and migration: A research strategy, Historical Methods, 21(2), 52-60. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1988.9955280
Steckel, R.H. (1995). Stature and standards of living, Journal of Economic Literature, 33(4), 1903-1940.
Steckel, R.H., Moehling, C. (2000). Wealth inequality in industrializing New England: New evidence and tests of competing hypothesis, Journal of Economic History, doi. 10.3386/h0122
Steckel, R. (1994). Census manuscript Schedules Matched with property tax lists: A source of information on long-term trends in wealth inequality, Historical Methods, 27(2), 71-85. doi. 10.1080/01615440.1994.10594225
Steckel, Richard, "Household Migration and Rural Settlement in the United States, 1850-1860,” Explorations in Economic History, pp. 190-218.
Thünen, J.H. (1966). Isolated state; An English edition of der isolierte staat. Translated by C.M. Wartenberg. Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press.
US Bureau of the Census, (1918). Negro Population, 1790-1915, Washington: Government Printing Office.
US Census Office, (1864). The Eighth Census of the United States: 1860, Washington: Government Printing Office.
Weiss, T. (1992). U.S. labor force estimates and economic growth, 1800-1860, in R.E. Gallman & J. Wallis (Eds.), American Economic Growth and Standards of Living Before the Civil War, (pp.19-78), Chicago: University of Chicago.
White, B.B. (1978). Empirical tests of the life cycle hypothesis, American Economic Review, 68(4), 547-560.
Wilkie, J.R. (1976). Distribution of the US population by race and urban-rural residence, 1790-1860: Reference tables, Demography, 13(3), 139-148.
Wilkie, J.R. (1976). Urbanization and de-urbanization of the black population before the civil war, Demography, 13(3), 311-328.
Wolff, E. (1992). Changing inequality of wealth, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 82(2), 552-558. doi. 10.1257/aer.p20161036
Wolff, E. (1998). Recent trends in the size distribution of household wealth, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3), 131-150. doi. 10.1257/jep.12.3.131
Woods, L. (1972). Free Negroes in the District of Columbia, 1790-1846, New York: Oxford.
Woodson, C.G. (1925). Free Negro Heads of Families in the Unites in 1830, Washington: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
Woodson, C.G. (1924). Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, New York: Negro Universities, 1924.
Woodson, C.G. (1968). The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, New York: Arno.
Woolfolk, G.R. (1976). The Free Negro in Texas 1800-1860: A Study of Cultural Compromise, Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1976.
Wright, C.D. (1900). The History and Growth of the United States Census, Washington: Government Printing Office.
Wright, James M. The Free Negro in Maryland, 1634-1860, New York: Octagon, 1971.
Yitzhaki, S.(1987). The relation between return and income, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102(1), 77-95. doi. 10.2307/1884681
Zelinsky, W. (1949). The historical geography of the negro population of Latin America, Journal of Negro History, 34(2), 153-221. doi. 10.2307/2715432
Zelinsky, W. (1950). The population geography of the free negro in antebellum America, Population Studies, 3(4), 386-401.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jest.v5i4.1775
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Journal of Economic and Social Thought - J. Econ. Soc. Thoug. - JEST - www.kspjournals.org
ISSN: 2149-0422
Editor: [email protected] Secretarial: [email protected] Istanbul - Turkey.
Copyright © KSP Library